Component of Building
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| Component of Building |
The building generally
consists of the following components.
(i) Foundation
(ii) Pedestal or Plinth
(iii) Damp Proof Course
(iv) Superstructure –
Walls, Pillars and Columns
(v) Dot, Lintel and Sun
Shades (Arches, Lintels and Sun Shades)
(vi) Floor
(vii) Roof
(vii) Parapet
(xi) Stair Case
(x) Doors, Windows &
Veltilators
To
enhance the beauty and utility of the building, the walls are painted and
whitewashed with plaster or tip, and the steel or wood work is painted.
Following
essential services are supplied for residential buildings-
(i) Drinking water
supply Water supply
(ii) Contaminated
Drainage
(iii) Electricity Supply
Electricity
The description of the
above components of the buildings is as follows-
1. Foundation-
The part of the
structure that is built below the ground level and transfers the load of the
superstructure to the soil below is called a foundation. The foundation is made
under load-bearing walls and pillars. It is made in special conditions and for
heavy load vehicles, other types of foundation such as slab foundation,
grillage foundation, pile foundation etc. are used.
2. Plinth-
The floor of the building (ground floor) is made slightly above the ground level to prevent the entry of rainwater, flood, dust, soil and small crawling insects inside the buildings, the height of the walls between the floor-floor and the ground floor It is said that plinth enhances the beauty of the building and gives it grandeur.
For drainage of the
building, the ground floor needs to be a little higher than the ground.
Normally the plinth floor and floor floor are located on the same horizontal
floor. It is only that from outside it is called plinth level and from inside
it is called floor level.
Generally plinth level
is kept 30 cm to 60 cm above ground level. This value can be higher in flood
prone land. Plinth level should be kept high enough above road level otherwise
rain water flowing on road starts coming inside the building excessively.
By keeping a high chair, the construction cost
of the building increases and more number of steps have to be put at the
entrance of the building or a long ramp has to be given which occupies more
space.
3. Damp Proof Course(DPC)-
Due to capillary action
and other reasons, the moisture of the soil starts climbing up the walls and
other parts of the building through foundations and plinths, which is called
dampness, due to the dampness, there are patchy spots on the walls and the
fittings start getting destroyed. To prevent the seal from climbing up, a seal
stopper is installed on the chair floor. The seal is usually used by mixing a
sealant in cement concrete, it is called a seal stopper D.P.C.
4. Arches and Lintels-
(i) Arches - The
arrangement made by masonry in a curvilinear shape to bridge the open openings
of the walls is called scolding or arches. Segment, Equilateral Ellipse,
Parabolic etc.
In view of the difficulty in making
dot, they are now constructed from an architectural point of view.
(ii) Lintel – A special
horizontal slab inserted in the wall to bridge the open openings such as doors,
windows, etc. and to raise the masonry is called lintel, it is wooden slab,
stone slabs or reinforced cement concrete (RCC) It is also called lintel.
Lintel can be pre-cast or cast-in-situ.
The construction of the lintel is simpler and less time as compared to the dent. The flat surface under the lintel is also beautiful to look at.
6. Sun-Shade-
To prevent rainwater and sunlight from entering the room through doors and windows made in the outer walls, sun-shades are installed in front of it. They usually protrude 30 cm to 60 cm from the wall. Their structure is such that the upper structure and slope are such that the rain water does not go towards the main wall.
7. Floor-
The flat concrete
platform which is made near the plinth, some above the ground level, is called
floor, for the upper floors of the building, different floors are put which
divide it into several floors, the ground level (ground level) The floor next
to ) is called the ground floor, all the floors above it are called upper
floors. The floor below the ground level is called a Basement Floor.
The floors are made of wood, brick, stone or cement concrete. The floors should be clean, flat, hard, beautiful, durable, cheap and sealed.
8. Roof-
The rain was sunny, to avoid the cold, a roof is put on the walls of the room, it is the topmost composition on the floors of the building, there are two types of roofs-
(i) Flat Roof - When the
slope of the roof is 10 degrees or less, it is called flat roof. Flat roofs are
best in areas with low rainfall and in hot areas, as they keep the rooms cool
in summers, when a flat roof is used to sit up and then it becomes necessary to
live to reach it.
(ii) Slopy or Pent Roof-
When the slope of the roof is more than 10 degrees, it is called sloping or
slanting roof. Water and snow do not stop and fall down quickly, these roofs
are much lighter and cheaper than flat roofs and are mostly made in industrial
sheds and hilly areas. The inner part of the roof is called ceiling.
9. Parapet-
A low height wall built
on all four sides along the top of the roof is called a parapet. It is
specially made on flat roofs so that the users of the roof do not have the fear
of falling down from the roof. are. It is usually built on a wall 80 cm to 1
meter high. There is no need to build sloping or sloping roofs, because they
cannot be used for rising and sitting.
The upper section of the
parfait is called heading or coping. To protect the wall from the ill effects
of rain, the coping is specially made, when the visibility from the roof is to
be maintained, in that part open railing is installed in place of concrete
mount.
10. Doors-
To enter the rooms,
doors are installed in its walls, the height and width of the doors must be
such that humans can enter without bowing their heads, according to the utility
of the building, different types of doors are installed.
It surrounds the minimum part of the floor of the room and on closing, the security of the building is maintained, arrangements are made to close the door by putting a door frame and pallets.
11. Window and Ventilators-
Windows and skylights
are installed for the movement of light and air in the rooms. The number and
measurement of windows depends on the floor area of the room. Generally, the
sill of the windows is placed 30 cm to 75 cm above the floor and near the
skylight. They are installed so that the contaminated air can get out of the
room, arrangements are made to open the doors of the windows outside or inside.
12. Stair-Case-
In order to reach the
flat roof or to go from one floor to another, the sequential steps which are
installed in the building are called stair-case, the measure of this step must
be kept so that A person's feet should be able to stand on it well, but living
should not be slippery, there should be proper arrangement of light in it,
living well is the one who does not breath while climbing.
Live wood, stone slabs,
brick, steel are made of reinforced cement concrete RCC.
13. Bacony-
The upper floor extends
out from the ceiling, which is used for sitting up, which is called a balcony.
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